文法要點(18)
連接詞
英文的連接詞可分為對等連接詞(coordinate conjunction)和從屬連接詞(subordinate conjunction)兩種,分別說明於後。
一、對等連接詞
對等連接詞共有七個:and、or、but、so、nor、yet、for。以下我們分三個層面來探討:對等連接詞的功能、複合主詞與動詞的一致,以及複合句的形成。
1.對等連接詞的功能
對等連接詞主要用來連接文法結構對等的字、片語或子句。請看例句:
a. He is young but experienced. (他年紀輕但是有經驗。)
b. Will you be at home or in the office this afternoon?(你今天下午會在家還是在辦公室?)
c. It was raining, so he decided not to go out. (因為下雨,所以他決定不出門。)
注意,對等連接詞可與其他字結合構成所謂的「相關連接詞組」(correlative conjunction)。相關連接詞組包括:both…and、either…or、neither…nor、whether…or、not only…but also。請看例句:
d. She wants both money and power. (金錢和權力她都想擁有。)
e. This potted plant can be put either inside the house or outside the house.(這株盆栽置於屋內或放在屋外皆可。)
f. Not only is he a writer, but he is also a painter. (他不僅是個作家,也是個畫家。)
注意,以Not only…but also連接子句時,Not only後的子句需要倒裝,而but與also則需分離。
2.複合主詞與動詞的一致
以對等連接詞連接名詞作為主詞時,要注意這個複合主詞(compound subject)與動詞間的一致。請看以下分析說明。
用Both…and或and連接時,接複數動詞:
a. Both Zack and Greg were arrested for murder.(柴克和葛雷格兩個人都因犯謀殺罪遭逮捕。)
用Either…or或Neither…nor連接時,動詞與接近動詞的名詞一致:
b. Either you or he is to take the responsibility.(不是你就是他必須負起責任。)
用Not only…but also連接時,動詞與第二個名詞一致:
c. Not only you but also I am mistaken. (不但是你,我也弄錯了。)
另外,如果主詞是用as well as、together with、no less than等片詞來連接,則動詞應與前一個名詞一致:
d. The teacher as well as his students was given the notice.(老師以及他的學生都有被告知。)
3.複合句的形成
對等連接詞重要的功能之一就是連接對等的子句,形成複合句(compound sentence)。
對等連接詞and用來表「增添」(addition):
a. He took the examination, and he passed.(他參加了那項考試,而且通過了。)
對等連接詞or用來表「選擇」(choice):
b. You can come, or we will go over. (你可以來,或者我們過去。)
對等連接詞but用來表「對比」(contrast):
c. He is cautious, but his brother is reckless.(他很謹慎,但是他弟弟卻很輕率。)
對等連接詞so用來表「結果」(effect):
d. It's late, so I'd better hit the sack.(時間不早了,所以我最好上床睡覺去。)
對等連接詞nor用來表「否定」(negative):
e. I'm not thirsty, nor am I even hungry. (我不渴,我甚至都不餓。)
對等連接詞yet也用來表「對比」,但語氣比but強:
f. He kept promising me to return my book, yet he never did.(他一直向我保證會把書還我,但是他根本沒還。)
對等連接詞for用來表「原因」(canse):
g. He must have been sick yesterday, for he did not come to work.(他昨天一定是生病了,因為他沒有來上班。)
二、從屬連接詞
英文從屬連接詞最主要的功能就是引導從屬子句(subordinate clause),與主要子句(main clause)構成所謂的複雜句(complex sentence)。從屬子句共有三種:名詞子句(noun clause)、形容詞子句(adjective clause),以及副詞子句(adverb clause)。以下分別介紹這三種子句與用來引導它們的從屬連接詞。
1.名詞子句
引導名詞子句的從屬連接詞有:that、who、what、which、when、where、why、how及whether。名詞子句可以作主詞、受詞、補語及同位語。請看例句:
a. That he has been fired is true. / It is true that he has been fired.(他已經被炒魷魚這件事是千真萬確的。)
b. I know what they said to you. (我知道他們對你說了什麼。)
c. The fact is that we don't have enough capital.(事實是,我沒有足夠的資金。)
d. The question whether we would win was never asked.(我們會不會贏的問題根本沒有人問。)
2.形容詞子句
引導形容詞子句的從屬連接詞包括關係代名詞who、whom、whose、which、that和關係副詞when、where、why、how。請看例句:
a. We thanked the girl who found our dog.(我們向找到我們家狗的女孩道謝。)
b. I went back to the house in which I was born.(我回到我出生的那棟房子去。)
注意,b.句中的in which相當於where:
c. I went back to the house where I was born.
3.副詞子句
副詞子句可分為:表「時間」(time)、表「地方」(place)、表「原因」或「理由」(cause or reason)、表「條件」(condition)、表「目的」(purpose)、表「結果」(result)、表「讓步」(concession)、表「方法」或「樣貌」(manner or appearance)、表「程度」或「範圍」(degree or extent),以及表「比較」(comparison)等十種。
表時間的子句
引導時間之子句的連接詞包括:when(ever)、while、as、since、until、before、after、once、as soon as、no sooner…than、hardly…when等。請看例句:
a. I'll clean the house while you cook. (你煮飯的時候,我會打掃房子。)
b. I had no sooner got to the airport than it began to snow.(我一到機場就開始下雪。)
注意,b.句的意思相當於:
c. As soon as I got to the airport, it began to snow
另,若將no sooner移置句首,則該子句須使用倒裝:
d. No sooner had I got to the airport than it began to snow.
表地方的子句
引導表地方之子句的連接詞為where(ever)。請看例句:
e. Where there is no rain, farming is difficult.(在沒有雨水的地方,農耕很困難。)
f. The little dog follows Lisa wherever she goes.(不管莉莎去哪裡,那隻小狗總是跟著她。)
表原因或理由的子句
引導表原因或理由之子句的連接詞有:because、as、since、now that、seeing that、in that、on the ground that等。請看例句:
g. Now that you have finished the work, you can take a break.(既然你已經做完了工作,可以休息一下。)
h. Joe's application was rejected on the ground that he was not a member of the union. (喬的申請遭拒絕,理由是他不是工會的會員。)
表條件的子句
引導表條件之子句的連接詞有:if、unless、in case、if only、provided / providing(that)、as / so long as等。請看例句:
i. We will be able to go provided we can get a baby-sitter.(如果我們可以找到保姆,我們就能去。)
j. You can continue to live here as long as you pay the rent.(只要你付房租,你就可以繼續住在這裡。)
表目的的子句
引導表目的之子句的連接詞有:so that、in order that、lest、for fear that等。請看例句:
k. He works hard so that he can get the promotion.(他努力工作,目的是要獲得晉升。)
l. I ate as little as possible lest I throw up on the way.(我儘量少吃,以免路上會吐。)
注意,在lest子句中傳統上動詞前須加助動詞should,如今則多直接使用原形動詞。
表結果的子句
引導表結果之子句的連接詞有so…that和such (a)…that。請看例句:
m. He was so generous that he gave all his money to charities.(他非常慷慨,把所有的錢都捐給了慈善機構。)
n. This is such ugly furniture that you can throw it away.(這些家具真醜,你可以把它們扔掉。)
表讓步的子句
引導表讓步之子句的連接詞有:although、though、even though、while、whereas、for all (that)、granted / granting (that)、albeit等。請看例句:
o. While I admire his works, I don't like him personally.(雖然我佩服他的作品,但我不喜歡他這個人。)
p. Granted that it is true, it does not concern me.(縱使這是真的,也跟我無關。)
表方法或樣貌的子句
引導表方法或樣貌之子句的連接詞為as、as if和as though。請看例句:
r. Mr. Wilson always does as his wife tells him.(威爾森先生總是依照他太太的指示做事。)
s. They all treat him as if he were a VIP.(他們對待他的樣子彷彿他是個重要的大人物。)
表程度或範圍的子句
引導程度或範圍之子句的連接詞有:as、as…so、as / so far as、to the extent that、to the degree that等。請看例句:
t. You will reap as you sow. (種瓜得瓜,種豆得豆。)
u. As far as I'm concerned, you can leave any time you want.(就我而言,你隨時都可以離開。)
表比較的子句
引導表比較之子句的連接詞有as / not so…as以及-er / more / less…than。請看例句:
v. The new machine is as effecient as the old one was.(新的機器和舊的那一台一樣有效率。)
w. Statistics show that people now smoke less than they used to.(統計數字顯示人們現在煙抽的比以前少。)
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