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文法要點(18)

 

 

連接詞

 

英文的連接詞可分為對等連接詞(coordinate conjunction)從屬連接詞(subordinate conjunction)兩種,分別說明於後。

 

一、對等連接詞                                                        

 

對等連接詞共有七個:and、or、but、so、nor、yet、for。以下我們分三個層面來探討:對等連接詞的功能、複合主詞與動詞的一致,以及複合句的形成。

 

1.對等連接詞的功能

 

對等連接詞主要用來連接文法結構對等的字、片語或子句。請看例句:

a. He is young but experienced. (他年紀輕但是有經驗。)

b. Will you be at home or in the office this afternoon?(你今天下午會在家還是在辦公室?)

c. It was raining, so he decided not to go out. (因為下雨,所以他決定不出門。)

 

注意,對等連接詞可與其他字結合構成所謂的「相關連接詞組」(correlative conjunction)。相關連接詞組包括:both…and、either…or、neither…nor、whether…or、not only…but also。請看例句:

d. She wants both money and power. (金錢和權力她都想擁有。)

e. This potted plant can be put either inside the house or outside the house.(這株盆栽置於屋內或放在屋外皆可。)

f. Not only is he a writer, but he is also a painter. (他不僅是個作家,也是個畫家。)

注意,以Not only…but also連接子句時,Not only後的子句需要倒裝,而but與also則需分離

 

2.複合主詞與動詞的一致

 

以對等連接詞連接名詞作為主詞時,要注意這個複合主詞(compound subject)與動詞間的一致。請看以下分析說明。

Both…and或and連接時,接複數動詞

a. Both Zack and Greg were arrested for murder.(柴克和葛雷格兩個人都因犯謀殺罪遭逮捕。)

Either…or或Neither…nor連接時,動詞與接近動詞的名詞一致

b. Either you or he is to take the responsibility.(不是你就是他必須負起責任。)

Not only…but also連接時,動詞與第二個名詞一致

c. Not only you but also I am mistaken. (不但是你,我也弄錯了。)

另外,如果主詞是用as well as、together with、no less than等片詞來連接,則動詞應與前一個名詞一致

d. The teacher as well as his students was given the notice.(老師以及他的學生都有被告知。)

 

3.複合句的形成

 

對等連接詞重要的功能之一就是連接對等的子句,形成複合句(compound sentence)

 

對等連接詞and用來表「增添」(addition):

a. He took the examination, and he passed.(他參加了那項考試,而且通過了。)

對等連接詞or用來表「選擇」(choice):

b. You can come, or we will go over. (你可以來,或者我們過去。)

對等連接詞but用來表「對比」(contrast):

c. He is cautious, but his brother is reckless.(他很謹慎,但是他弟弟卻很輕率。)

對等連接詞so用來表「結果」(effect):

d. It's late, so I'd better hit the sack.(時間不早了,所以我最好上床睡覺去。)

對等連接詞nor用來表「否定」(negative):

e. I'm not thirsty, nor am I even hungry. (我不渴,我甚至都不餓。)

對等連接詞yet也用來表「對比」,但語氣比but強

f. He kept promising me to return my book, yet he never did.(他一直向我保證會把書還我,但是他根本沒還。)

對等連接詞for用來表「原因」(canse):

g. He must have been sick yesterday, for he did not come to work.(他昨天一定是生病了,因為他沒有來上班。)

 

二、從屬連接詞  

                                                      

英文從屬連接詞最主要的功能就是引導從屬子句(subordinate clause),與主要子句(main clause)構成所謂的複雜句(complex sentence)。從屬子句共有三種:名詞子句(noun clause)、形容詞子句(adjective clause),以及副詞子句(adverb clause)。以下分別介紹這三種子句與用來引導它們的從屬連接詞。

 

1.名詞子句

 

引導名詞子句的從屬連接詞有:that、who、what、which、when、where、why、how及whether名詞子句可以作主詞、受詞、補語及同位語。請看例句:

a. That he has been fired is true. / It is true that he has been fired.(他已經被炒魷魚這件事是千真萬確的。)

b. I know what they said to you. (我知道他們對你說了什麼。)

c. The fact is that we don't have enough capital.(事實是,我沒有足夠的資金。)

d. The question whether we would win was never asked.(我們會不會贏的問題根本沒有人問。)

 

2.形容詞子句

 

引導形容詞子句的從屬連接詞包括關係代名詞who、whom、whose、which、that和關係副詞when、where、why、how。請看例句:

a. We thanked the girl who found our dog.(我們向找到我們家狗的女孩道謝。)

b. I went back to the house in which I was born.(我回到我出生的那棟房子去。)

注意,b.句中的in which相當於where

c. I went back to the house where I was born.

 

3.副詞子句

 

副詞子句可分為:表「時間」(time)、表「地方」(place)、表「原因」或「理由」(cause or reason)、表「條件」(condition)、表「目的」(purpose)、表「結果」(result)、表「讓步」(concession)、表「方法」或「樣貌」(manner or appearance)、表「程度」或「範圍」(degree or extent),以及表「比較」(comparison)等十種。

 

表時間的子句

引導時間之子句的連接詞包括:when(ever)、while、as、since、until、before、after、once、as soon as、no sooner…than、hardly…when等。請看例句:

a. I'll clean the house while you cook. (你煮飯的時候,我會打掃房子。)

b. I had no sooner got to the airport than it began to snow.(我一到機場就開始下雪。)

注意,b.句的意思相當於:

c. As soon as I got to the airport, it began to snow

另,若將no sooner移置句首,則該子句須使用倒裝

d. No sooner had I got to the airport than it began to snow.

 

表地方的子句

引導表地方之子句的連接詞為where(ever)。請看例句:

e. Where there is no rain, farming is difficult.(在沒有雨水的地方,農耕很困難。)

f. The little dog follows Lisa wherever she goes.(不管莉莎去哪裡,那隻小狗總是跟著她。)

 

表原因或理由的子句

引導表原因或理由之子句的連接詞有:because、as、since、now that、seeing that、in that、on the ground that等。請看例句:

g. Now that you have finished the work, you can take a break.(既然你已經做完了工作,可以休息一下。)

h. Joe's application was rejected on the ground that he was not a member of the union. (喬的申請遭拒絕,理由是他不是工會的會員。)

 

表條件的子句

引導表條件之子句的連接詞有:if、unless、in case、if only、provided / providing(that)、as / so long as等。請看例句:

i. We will be able to go provided we can get a baby-sitter.(如果我們可以找到保姆,我們就能去。)

j. You can continue to live here as long as you pay the rent.(只要你付房租,你就可以繼續住在這裡。)

 

表目的的子句

引導表目的之子句的連接詞有:so that、in order that、lest、for fear that等。請看例句:

k. He works hard so that he can get the promotion.(他努力工作,目的是要獲得晉升。)

l. I ate as little as possible lest I throw up on the way.(我儘量少吃,以免路上會吐。)

注意,在lest子句中傳統上動詞前須加助動詞should,如今則多直接使用原形動詞。

 

表結果的子句

引導表結果之子句的連接詞有so…that和such (a)…that。請看例句:

m. He was so generous that he gave all his money to charities.(他非常慷慨,把所有的錢都捐給了慈善機構。)

n. This is such ugly furniture that you can throw it away.(這些家具真醜,你可以把它們扔掉。)

 

表讓步的子句

引導表讓步之子句的連接詞有:although、though、even though、while、whereas、for all (that)、granted / granting (that)、albeit等。請看例句:

o. While I admire his works, I don't like him personally.(雖然我佩服他的作品,但我不喜歡他這個人。)

p. Granted that it is true, it does not concern me.(縱使這是真的,也跟我無關。)

 

表方法或樣貌的子句

引導表方法或樣貌之子句的連接詞為as、as if和as though。請看例句:

r. Mr. Wilson always does as his wife tells him.(威爾森先生總是依照他太太的指示做事。)

s. They all treat him as if he were a VIP.(他們對待他的樣子彷彿他是個重要的大人物。)

 

表程度或範圍的子句

引導程度或範圍之子句的連接詞有:as、as…so、as / so far as、to the extent that、to the degree that等。請看例句:

t. You will reap as you sow. (種瓜得瓜,種豆得豆。)

u. As far as I'm concerned, you can leave any time you want.(就我而言,你隨時都可以離開。)

 

表比較的子句

引導表比較之子句的連接詞有as / not so…as以及-er / more / less…than。請看例句:

v. The new machine is as effecient as the old one was.(新的機器和舊的那一台一樣有效率。)

w. Statistics show that people now smoke less than they used to.(統計數字顯示人們現在煙抽的比以前少。)

 

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